Addiction in Adults and It’s Effects on Their Children Essay

When thinking about drug addiction in adults, one often thinks about and wonders how and when an adult starts or becomes addicted to drugs. Studies have shown that people who have become addicted to drugs from various causes of society. Daily stress of everyday life, some people are forced to start drugs in certain situations, the process and life of a person dealing with drug addiction during pregnancy, the use of drugs during pregnancy, and the effects of drug use during pregnancy; just to name a few. See more: Foot Binding In China essay According to Authors: Lawrence Robinson, Melinda Smith, M. A. , and Joanna Saisan, M. S. W. Last updated: January 2012, â€Å"Many first try drugs out of curiosity, to have a good time, because friends are doing it, or in an effort to improve athletic performance or ease another problem; such as stress, anxiety, or depression. Drug abuse and addiction is less about the amount of substance consumed or the frequency, and more to do with the consequences of drug use. No matter how often or how little you’re consuming, if your drug use is causing problems in your life—at work, school, home, or in your relationships—you likely have a drug abuse or addiction problem. † Drug addiction leads adult down the road of consequences, which such consequences could lead to pregnancy and childbirth. Some addicts may try to clean up during pregnancy however; there are plenty of people addicted to drugs so bad that it consumes their mind. Society has to take in account that there have been studies done on the effects of a parent addicted to drugs raising children. One can find facts that have found that there are parents that are considered functioning drug addicts. Some drug addicted parents are not involved in their children’s life. Now this leads society to wonder about some of the effects that the child may experience. Some children may have serious or several health issues when they are born addicted to drugs. Experts have also shown that some children may not have a medical issue but may experience mental and emotional issues at the same time. According to Lisa Levin, student of psychology, the University of Umea, Sweden, under guidance by Gunborg Palme, certified psychologist, certified psychotherapist, teacher and tutor in psychotherapy, â€Å"The American psychologist Janet G. Woititz was one of the first who paid real attention to the situation for adult children of addicts, with her book â€Å"Adult Children of Alcoholics†. In this book, she elucidated various characteristics that she found in many of these adult children. † Drug ddiction in adults can lead to a world of destruction for both the parents and children. Children can be removed from the home and placed in foster care. Sometimes these children experience terrible situations such as molestation and abuse. However, in other circumstances where some drug addicted adults willing give their children up to family members to rise. At times some of these children can lead down the path of drugs as well. It is being proven that some kids born addicted to drugs have also done drugs as a teenager and adult. In cases children will even sell drugs, work in adult clubs and entertainment, participate in prostitution, and even have children at early ages. But still one can find some of these children also can have a successful story and go down a completely different path, such as success, college, financial stability, or even religious background. The individual is the one that makes the choice on what path they will take in life. Lisa Levin also stated, â€Å"Children of addicts are more likely to develop their own substance abuse and social behavior problems than other children. According to certain researchers, the risk is twice as high, while others estimate the risk to be 4-9 times higher. † Personal thoughts on drug addiction in adults and the effects it has on their children would have to be so many that run through my head. I believe that children have the chose to make two options in their lives. Since dealing with family members who were and are addicted to drugs and their children have graduate from college, work a good job which pays good money, are married and have a family. I have at the same token had cousins that have also been addicted to drugs, prostitution, selling drugs, end up in jail, and have even died following the wrong path in their life. We all have to be responsible for ourselves and live life accordingly. I don’t believe that all children have bad effects of drug addicted parents. I believe they can choose to live a better life and change their situation for the better. One must always find the confidence, drive, and determination to want to make their life what they desire. When being a witness to both sides of the fence, bias is up in the air for now.

The eNotes Blog On the Nightstand What Books Did You Get ForChristmas

On the Nightstand What Books Did You Get ForChristmas One of the things I like best about Christmas is that I always get new books to read that I did not have to pay for myself. While I do have an e-Reader, there is still something about the heft, touch, and smell of a book that I especially prefer for a bit of pre-sleepytime reading. This year, I mustve been very good as I got several titles, among them two I am trying to savor slowly, like the last few Godiva chocolates left in the sampler (Oh, okaywho am I kidding? Those were consumed before the day was over). This Christmas, I got two books that I have been pawing over:   Arguably Essays by (the late, great,   much-missed) Christopher Hitchens and   Smoke and Mirrors by (the incomparable) Neil Gaiman. Here are a five of the most popular titles, likely given as gifts, culled from the New York Times Best Sellers list for the week of 12-11 to 12-25, about the time your own elves were out shopping and wrapping for you. Did you receive any of these books? If so, have you read them yet? What do you think? Or, what did works did you receive that you love (or hate)? Were interested to hear what everyone is reading! The Drop by Michael Connelly Description from Amazon.com:   Harry Bosch has been given three years before he must retire from the LAPD, and he wants cases more fiercely than ever. In one morning, he gets two. DNA from a 1989 rape and murder matches a 29-year-old convicted rapist. Was he an eight-year-old killer or has something gone terribly wrong in the new Regional Crime Lab? The latter possibility could compromise all of the labs DNA cases currently in court. Then Bosch and his partner are called to a death scene fraught with internal politics. Councilman Irvin Irvings son jumped or was pushed from a window at the Chateau Marmont. Irving, Boschs longtime nemesis, has demanded that Harry handle the investigation. Relentlessly pursuing both cases, Bosch makes two chilling discoveries: a killer operating unknown in the city for as many as three decades, and a political conspiracy that goes back into the dark history of the police department. 11/22/63: A Novel   by Stephen King Description from Amazon.com: On November 22, 1963, three shots rang out in Dallas, President Kennedy died, and the world changed. What if you could change it back? Stephen King’s heart-stoppingly dramatic new novel is about a man who travels back in time to prevent the JFK assassination- a thousand page tour de force. The Help by Kathryn Stockett Description/Review from Sybil Steinberg of   The Washington Post:   Southern whites guilt for not expressing gratitude to the black maids who raised them threatens to become a familiar refrain. But dont tell Kathryn Stockett because her first novel is a nuanced variation on the theme that strikes every note with authenticity. In a page-turner that brings new resonance to the moral issues involved, she spins a story of social awakening as seen from both sides of the American racial divide. The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo by Stieg Larsson Description from Publishers Weekly:   This first of a trilogy introduces a provocatively odd couple: disgraced financial journalist Mikael Blomkvist, freshly sentenced to jail for libeling a shady businessman, and the multipierced and tattooed Lisbeth Salander, a feral but vulnerable superhacker. Hired by octogenarian industrialist Henrik Vanger, who wants to find out what happened to his beloved great-niece before he dies, the duo gradually uncover a festering morass of familial corruption- at the same time, Larsson skillfully bares some of the similar horrors that have left Salander such a marked woman. Larsson died in 2004, shortly after handing in the manuscripts for what will be his legacy. Steve Jobs by Walter Isaacson Description/Review from Janet Maslin, The New York Times: †Skeptic after skeptic made the mistake of underrating Steve Jobs, and Mr. Isaacson records the howlers who misjudged an unrivaled career. â€Å"Sorry Steve, Here’s Why Apple Stores Won’t Work,† Business Week wrote in a 2001 headline. â€Å"The iPod will likely become a niche product,† a Harvard Business School professor said. â€Å"High tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product,† Mr. Sculley said in 1987. Mr. Jobs got the last laugh every time. â€Å"Steve Jobs† makes it all the sadder that his last laugh is over.

Customer Loyalty in a Business To Business Context Essay Essays

Customer Loyalty in a Business To Business Context Essay Essays Customer Loyalty in a Business To Business Context Essay Essay Customer Loyalty in a Business To Business Context Essay Essay Customer trueness is considered to be a powerful tool for most organisations in guaranting that they gain a competitory advantage in their several industries ( Lam. Shankar. Erramilli. A ; Bvsan. 2004. p. 294 ) . Customer trueness is necessary for guaranting that organisations remain profitable while besides accomplishing growing through making out to new market evidences. The importance of client trueness in the universe of economic science has developed bit by bit as an country of survey particularly concern to concern ( B2B ) environments. This is due to the demand to analyze and place factors that guarantee client trueness is maintained and even increased. harmonizing to Haghkhah et Al. . ( 2013. p. 156 ) . Haghkhah. et Al. . ( 2013. p. 156 ) farther noted that increased competition for clients in the market signifies that concern ought to respond even faster and more specific to the demands and wants of clients in order to win their trueness. For this ground. sellers in most organisations tend to concentrate on client keeping techniques and besides to put an accent on increasing their trueness degrees. In order to accomplish this. B2B has offered huge chances to guarantee that most organisations achieve their aims of client keeping and trueness. Therefore. the latter shows the importance of understanding client keeping and trueness as an of import country of the research survey. Customer trueness is viewed as a behaviour of insistent purchasing and farther developed traveling frontward with factors such as ancestors. effects. and factors. This has led the research worker to derive an involvement in carry oning farther research on client keeping and trueness. hence. this research paper will be on the assorted ways and techniques that organisations can implement in order to increase client trueness in a B2B context Customer trueness Harmonizing to Haghkhah. et Al. . ( 2013. p. 157 ) a high rate of trueness in a B2B environment is a competitory advantage to the marketer due to the client’s willingness to pay a higher monetary value for goods and sensitive since they start going less monetary value medium as a consequence of trust that has been gained. This means that the income generated is likely to increase and stay stable to travel frontward Customer trueness is viewed as a scheme that aims at guaranting clients gain behavior of insistent buying from the same company. Customer trueness in a B2B environment achieves a common wages that benefits both the client and the organisation. It is normally considered as ways of deriving competitory advantage by an organisation over its rivals. Assorted companies have applied the scheme of keeping client trueness since it is considered cheaper in respect seeking to derive new clients in order to increase their gross base. Cater. T A ; Cater. B ( 2010. p. 1322 ) position client trueness based on activities such as contract reclamation. doing recommendations to clients and increasing backing in a concern to concern environments. They further note that these factors will probably act upon the degree of trueness to clients of an organisation. In other research. client trueness in a B2B environment is based on the experiences of the client. the future outlooks that a client may hold about the organisation and the frequence at which a client buys goods and services from the organisation ( haghkhah. Abdul Hamid. Ebrahimpour. Roghanian. A ; Gheysari. 2013. p. 158 ) . Further. ( Cater A ; Cater. 2010 ) notes that in order to act upon the trueness of clients in a B2B context. and so the organisation has to understand the behavior of the client and the attitude of the client. Literature reappraisal 2. 1 Limitations and Gap in Literature The field of client trueness is one that has much information. but really small attending has been given to business-to-business scenarios. Most old research has chiefly focused on the customer’s point of position ( Mascareigne. 2009 ) . This could be because most position client keepings as a behavioural factor. ( Ranaweera A ; Prabhu. 2003 ) In any economic system. concerns have to transact to execute their day-to-day operations. Some concerns. such as audit houses. exist to function other concerns. Extensive research on this country could help other concerns to larn the kineticss of client trueness amongst themselves. A major restriction that was besides experienced in the research was the complete generalisation of the research based on a B2B context. Since different concerns have different operations and schemes. some facets may works for a certain sector that may non needfully work for another. For illustration. constructs that may be used to increase client trueness in the banking sector. may non work in the fabrication sector. Harmonizing to Buttle ( 2008. p. 267 ) committedness is defined as the relationship that exist between the two houses and is likely to be terminated at a sensible hereafter day of the month. In a B2B environment. the committedness shared by the two houses is normally on a common understanding. Doma ( 2013. p. 72 ) notes that committedness between two houses is normally bonded by trust among the two houses. The degree of trust that is normally shared by the two or more houses that conduct concern affects their committedness model. The more a house is committed to another increases the degree of trueness shared by the two houses. Moorman A ; Rust ( 1999. p. 183 ) in their research notes that committedness is normally the degree of attempt that is put by houses in guaranting a valuable relationship enjoyed by the two houses is maintained in the long term. The relationship normally has economic benefits for the two houses in their command to guarantee they remain profitable in their operations. For this ground. there exists a belief among organisations that the relationship has economic benefits ; therefore attempts are put in keeping it. However. harmonizing to Hennig-Thurau ( 2004. p. 463 ) provinces that many bookmans tend to reason that there is no major difference between trueness and committedness. That school of idea has been dismissed by Morgan A ; Hunt ( 1999. p. 24 ) who argued there is a difference between trueness and committedness. They. nevertheless. noted that the two are related. with a committedness being an ancestor of trueness. This means that committedness is a factor in B2B environment th at will increase the degree of trueness. This besides meant that the being of committedness had a strong positive impact on the degree of committedness. Shabbir et Al. ( 2007. p. 280 ) in their research demonstrated that committedness is an ancestor of trueness. They argued that committedness in the B2B environment. it played a cardinal function in guaranting that trueness is ever maintained and even increased to higher degrees. Sharma. et Al. ( 2006. p. 77 ) in their survey note that committedness is the state of affairs whereby there is a desire to do a relationship stronger with another individual or even group due to acquaintance or even friendly relationship has that has been developed over clip due to the personal interaction that has occurred between the two over a period of clip ( Eakuru A ; Mat. 2008. p. 125 ) . Therefore. committedness should be as a consequence of placing the values that are shared normally between two organisations. It is important to observe that the client will retain a relationship with another party due to the positive consequence they have with the provider. At times. a client may be forced to go on remaining in a relationship with another party due to miss of valuable options that may be available to them ( Fullerton. 2005. p. 1388 ) . However. most relationships are maintained with a committedness as a consequence of the benefits that both parties will profit from ( Brandi. 2001. p. 67 ) . When committedness is the steering rule of B2B environment. and one organisation performs ill in comparing to the incumbent organisation. so due to the degree of committedness shared the spouses are improbable to exchange to other options ( Stephan. 2002. p. 20 ) . This makes a committedness an implicit in factor that will assist in act uponing the degree of trueness in a B2B environment ( Stephan. 2002. p. 33 ) . Akin ( 2012 ) gives an illustration. in comparing the loyal between clients with low trueness and clients with high trueness and explains that clients with high trueness will be non be swayed by discounted monetary values from other providers. Therfore. the higher the degree of committedness that will be shared between organisations an addition in trueness degrees between the organisations will be experienced. If the degree of committedness is increased through activities such as contract reclamation and devising of recommendations to the other organisation. it will in bend addition the degree of trueness enjoyed by the two houses. Therefore. if organisations want to increase the rate of issue by their clients. so they have to construct a relationship that will be founded on a committedness. Commitment will in bend addition the degree of trueness in a B2B environment. This will guarantee that the hereafter of the organisation is maintained as it will go on doing net income. In a survey conducted by CITATION Gus05 cubic decimeter 1033 ( Gustavsson A ; Lundgren. 2005 ) they give an illustration whereby air hose companies use their frequent circular plans as a agency to heighten perennial purchase through proviso of economic inducements to guarantee that they increase and besides maintain loyal among their clients. 2. 2 Theories and Methodologies A common rule that has emerged from the entire quality direction ( TQM ) motion is that the decisive way. to retaining clients. is to fulfill their demands ( Colby. 2013 ) . The theory holds that if by placing what clients expect and by run intoing these demands and outlooks. these clients are less likely to choose for the services given by a rival. Past research conducted by Colby ( 2013 ) has shown a positive relationship between satisfaction and trueness. In other words. if a client is satisfied with the services offered by a concern. the client is bound to be loyal to the concern. Other surveies have besides identified a positive relationship between service quality and client trueness ( Van Es. 2012 ) . However. a certain degree of satisfaction does non ever vouch the coveted trueness. In a certain study. Colby suggested four indexs of client trueness and this include ; demographics. past behaviour. perceptual experience of addition or loss of exchanging to a different trade name and attitudes towards openness to new trade names. Analyzing these four indexs can give a better apprehension of client trueness. For case. if a concern expects to salvage on costs by transacting with another concern. so they are most likely to be loyal to that peculiar partnership. The attitudinal attack takes a position of purchase behaviour and tends to explicate in footings of values. beliefs and attitudes. Deterministic theory entails the logical relationship between variables and research workers in this field are responsible for placing which variables affect client trueness. It appears to be acceptable to most cognitive research workers that attitude comes earlier behavior in a scenario that involves buy backing a merchandise and is really of import because attitude comes before a pick. The behavioural attack holds that internal procedures can non be measured and. hence. have no topographic point in research ( Bennet A ; Bove. 2002 ) . Understanding client trueness in a B2B scenario is a long term relationship regardless of the importance of the minutess. Both methods may differ in positions but can be both used to understand the construct. Although client trueness research has evolved over the old ages. most of this research uses a logical empiricist paradigm ( Paavola. 2006 ) . Information about client trueness has been derived chiefly from cognitive psychological science. with theories about attitude organizing most of the work. Current theoretical model could. hence. convey a new position into the trueness research. Paavola ( 2006 ) uses the societal constructionism paradigm to analyze the impression of client trueness critically. The survey gives a elaborate description of client trueness that is based on the societal world of clients. The consequences imply that different types of trueness should be taken into considerations when doing managerial executions. Classification can besides be really good when it comes to future trueness research. Most theories. which are associated with trueness surveies. trade with issues such as trueness plans. client satisfaction. client value. service quality and societal bonds ( Jacobsen. Olsson. A ; Sjovall. 2004 ) . A theoretical account constructed by Jacobsen. Olsson and Sjovall ( 2004 ) shows that societal bonds have the most important consequence on client trueness with companies in the banking sector. The survey shows that the most of import factors. in keeping client trueness in the banking sector. were societal bonds and forces. This is because. banking services are really similar and to last in such as market. strong competitory forces are required to do the right connexions. The same survey revealed that pecuniary benefits are non a important factor in that country of concern. Harmonizing to Kuusik ( 2007 ) . the factors. trustiness. satisfaction. importance of relationship and image are of import factors that play a function in the different degrees of client trueness. Traditionally. most research has focussed on either the influence of single factors on trueness or the nature of different degrees of trueness. It is of import to non merely position trueness through behavioral standards. but besides attitudinal standards every bit good. Behavioral clients could be divided into ; forced to be loyal. functionally loyal and loyal due to inertia ( Kuusik. 2007 ) . For case. in a B2B context. when a certain company is a monopoly. acquiring supplies from them is the lone logical reply. and this forces a company to be loyal by force. Businesss can be loyal by inactiveness due to the importance of a certain procedure. If the procedure is of low importance. so there is practically no demand to acquire another spouse. This can go on in state of affairss where the dealing is everyday such as trash- pickup. Functionality trueness is gained from when organisations have to spouse with other organisations because they have an nonsubjective ground to be. Research has shown that inactiveness is a state of affairs antonym to loyalty CITATION Aki12 cubic decimeter 4105 ( Akin. 2012 ) . For illustration. a concern may choose another concern since they require minimum attempt to make them. Dahlgren ( 2005 ) used multivariate informations analysis techniques to construct a nexus between dimensions of trade name trueness and to capture the different degrees of client trueness. The consequence showed several differences in the trueness dimensions. In a similar survey. Kuusik ( 2007 ) uses a LOGIT arrested development theoretical account to find the important factors that affect client trueness. The theoretical account comprises of assorted factors that affect client trueness. The survey reveals that image. satisfaction. importance of relationship and trustiness are the most important factors in trueness research. Harmonizing to East et Al. ( 2005 ) the definition of trueness is utile if they can be used to foretell phenomena such as hunt. keeping. and recommendation. The writers set up that combination steps of client trueness frequently act as hapless indexs of consumer trueness as compared to other remarkable indexs such as recommendations. Apart from sing these combinations to be of limited value. the research besides establishes that there is no signifier of trueness that ever predicts different trueness results and a general construct of trueness should be abandoned ( East. Gendall. Hammond. A ; Lomax. 2005 ) . For case. alternatively of utilizing indexs such as trueness plans and money wagess. research workers should either expression for keeping of clients and any recommendation given by them. 2. 3 Identifying relationships between thoughts and pattern to increase trueness in a B2B context Assorted thoughts have been drafted in order to increase client trueness in a B2B context. For illustration. from the above reappraisal. it is noted that designation of the company’s chances and moving on them will assist in increasing the trueness. However a company can present on all the demands of their clients. but the bringing of their services will act upon the degree of trueness traveling frontward. If when presenting all the demands of their client. and they produce a hapless bringing service. so this will probably take to a lessening in trueness degree. For illustration harmonizing to Akin ( 2012 ) factors that aid increasing the trueness of clients is high-ranking service quality delivered by houses that will take to a high degree of client satisfaction. In another scenario. companies tend to seek and happen ways in which they can act upon the frequence at which their clients entree their web sites for information. However. research indicates that half of the clients get information from their web site. The deficiency of companies to put and supply web sites that are easy to entree and supply the necessary information to their clients will take to a diminution in the degree of trueness. For this ground. there is a clear differentiation between the thoughts developed to increase trueness and the patterns a company will follow. Decision From this literature reappraisal. it can be shown that assorted researches have tried to set up the being of a positive relationship between trueness and facets such as service quality and client satisfaction. Some surveies have employed the usage of correlativity analysis to look into this relationship. Correlation research allows a research worker to find whether a relationship between variables exists. it allows one to specify the extent of the relationship between the variables ( Gall. Gall. A ; Bord. 2005 ) . Qualitative and quantitative research methods both have their benefits and drawbacks. For case. when the correlativity between two variables has been established. it still does non state the research worker what should be done. but instead what can be done. Qualitative methods. as used by Paavola ( 2006 ) . can besides convey out cognition that is non familiar with other research workers. The consequences can besides be influenced by the researcher’s personal prejud ices. However. some of these surveies tend to cover broad countries that may take long periods of research. The benefits of client keeping have been recognized by many research workers ( Feihua. 2011 ) . In the concern to concern scenario. certain facets of retaining a client bring out themselves than carry oning concern with the ordinary clients. For case. paying attending to the ordinary. like go toing meetings on clip is non a necessary. but a important wont to see. In a B2B relationship. the parties are more defined. and this is based on the premise that both parties are seeking common benefits in the relationship ( Oy. 2010 ) . In a normal concern to client relationship. the disintegration of the relationship ends up in the consumer go forthing the services of the supplier. In the B2B apparatus. the terminal of the relationship is thought in footings of a procedure while in exchanging is thought every bit merely as a alteration in the relationship. In client trueness research. possibly it would be of critical importance to see the industry in which the research is being conducted on. In industries where the concerns provide similar services. societal bonds could be the prevailing factor that promotes consumer trueness between concerns. In other industries. where the services offered are different. likely trueness plans and pecuniary wagess could be the manner to win client trueness. Mentions Akin. E. ( 2012 ) . Literature Review and Discussion on Customer Loyalty and Consciousness. European Journal of Economics. Finance and Administrative Sciences. 158-170. Brandi. J. ( 2001 ) . Constructing Customer Loyalty: The 21 Essential Elementss †¦ in Action. Texas: The Walk The Talk Company. Buttle. F. ( 2008 ) . Customer Relationship Management ( 2nd ed. ) . New York: Routledge. Doma. S. A. ( 2013 ) . Relationship Quality as Predictor of B2B Customer Loyalty. SYSTEMICS. CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATICS. 111 ( 1 ) . 72-78. Gustavsson. S. . A ; Lundgren. E. ( 2005 ) . Customer Loyalty. Lulea University of Technology. Haghkhah. A. . Abdul Hamid. A. B. . Ebrahimpour. A. . Roghanian. P. . A ; Gheysari. H. ( 2013 ) . Committedness and Customer Loyalty in Business-To-Business Context. European Journal of Business and Management. 15 ( 19 ) . 156-164. Lam. S. Y. . Shankar. V. . Erramilli. M. K. . A ; B. M. ( 2004 ) . Customer Value. Satisfaction. Loyalty. and Switch overing Costss: An Illustration From a Business-to-Business Service Context. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 32 ( 293 ) . 294-311. Bennet. R. . A ; Bove. L. ( 2002 ) . Identifying the Key Issues for Measuring Loyalty. QUT Digital Repository. 1-29. Cater. T. . A ; Cater. B. ( 2010 ) . Merchandise and relationship quality influence on client committedness and trueness in B2B fabrication relationships. Industrial selling direction. 39 ( 8 ) . 1321-1333. Colby. C. ( 2013. December 9 ) . A New Paradigm for Understanding Customer Retention. Retrieved from Rockbridge: hypertext transfer protocol: //rockresearch. com/a-new-paradigm-for-understanding-customer-retention/ Eakuru. N. . A ; Mat. N. ( 2008 ) . The application of structural equation mold ( SEM ) in finding the ancestors of client trueness in Bankss in South Thailand. The Business Review. Cambridge. 10 ( 2 ) . 129-139. East. R. . Gendall. P. . Hammond. K. . A ; Lomax. W. ( 2005 ) . Consumer Loyalty: Remarkable. Linear or Synergistic? Australian arketing Joural. 10-17. Feihua. Q. ( 2011 ) . Customer Retention in E-commerce concern. Haaha-Helia University imperativeness. 1-56. Fullerton. G. ( 2005 ) . How commitment both enables and undermines marketing relationships. European Journal of selling. 39 ( 11 ) . 1372-1388. Gall. J. . Gall. M. . A ; Bord. W. ( 2005 ) . Using educational research: A practical usher ( 1st ed. ) . Boston: Pearzon. Hennig-Thurau. T. ( 2004 ) . Customer orientation of service employees: Its impact on client satisfaction. committedness. and keeping. International Journal of Service Industry Management. 15 ( 5 ) . 460-478. Jacobsen. D. . Olsson. M. . A ; Sjovall. A. ( 2004 ) . The Creation of Customer Loyalty. Kristianstad University. 1-71. Kuusik. A. ( 2007 ) . AFFECTING CUSTOMER LOYALTY: DO DIFFERENT FACTORS HAVE VARIOUS INFLUENCES IN DIFFERENT LOYALTY LEVELS? Tartu University Press. 1-29. Mascareigne. J. ( 2009 ) . Customer Retention. Lulea University Press. 1-88. Moorman. C. . A ; Rust. R. T. ( 1999 ) . The function of selling. The Journal of Marketing. 180-197. 63. Morgan. R. M. . A ; Hunt. S. D. ( 1999 ) . The commitment-trust theory of relationship selling. The Journal of selling. 20-38. Oy. O. ( 2010 ) . IMPROVING CUSTOMER LOYALTY THROUGH A REGULAR CUSTOMER PROGRAM. TAMPEREEN AMMATTIKORKEAKOULU University Publications. 1-45. Paalova. H. ( 2006 ) . Classs of Loyalty. Toward Meaning-based Theory of Customer Loyalty. European Advances in Consumer Research. 420-428. Ranaweera. C. . A ; Prabhu. J. ( 2003 ) . The influence of satisfaction. trust and exchanging barriers on client keeping in a uninterrupted buying scene. international diary of service industry direction. 374-395. Shabbir. H. . Palihawadana. D. . A ; Thwaites. D. ( 2007 ) . Determining the ancestors and effects of giver ?perceived relationship quality- A dimensional qualitative research attack. Psychology A ; Marketing. 24 ( 3 ) . 271-293. Sharma. N. . Young. L. . A ; Wilkinson. I. ( 2006 ) . The commitment mix: Dimensions of committedness in international trading relationships in India. Journal of International Marketing. 64-91. Stephan. B. ( 2002 ) . Customer Loyalty Programs and Clubs ( 2nd ed. ) . London: Gower Publishing. Ltd. Van Es. R. ( 2012 ) . The Relationship between Service Quality and Customer Loyalty. and its Influence on Business Model Design. Universiteit Twente. 1-85. Beginning papers

See the Best Architecture in Spain

See the Best Architecture in Spain Think of architecture in Spain and Antoni Gaudà ­ comes to mind. Gaudi may be the most famous Spanish architect dead or alive, but dont forget Santiago Calatrava, designer of the Transportation Hub in Lower Manhattan and his signature bridges in Seville and Dallas, Texas. And what about the Pritzker Laureate, Josà © Rafael Moneo? Oh, and then there was the Roman Empire in Spain. Architecture in Spain is an exotic mix of early Moorish influences, European trends, and surreal modernism. These selected sites link to resources that will help you plan your architecture tour through Spain. Visiting Barcelona This northeast coastal city, capital of the Catalonia region, has become synonymous with Antoni Gaudà ­. You cant miss his architecture, or the new modern buildings going up every year. La Sagrada Familia, the great unfinished cathedral begun by Gaudi in 1882, and La Sagrada Familia school, for the children of the construction workersCasa Vicens, Gaudis Gothic/Moorish house designed for a Spanish businessmanGuell Palace and Guell Park, Gaudi commissions from patron Eusebi Gà ¼ellColegio Teresiano, one of Antoni Gaudà ­s first commissionsCasa Calvet, a rather traditional design for GaudiGaudi-designed wall around Finca Miralles, as wavy and abstract as Frank Gehrys workCasa Batllà ³, a very colorful remodeling job by Gaudi, is located in Illa de la Discordia or the Block of Discord. This street displays the architecture of Catalan architects Josep Puig (1867-1956), Lluà ­s Domà ¨nech i Montaner (1850-1923), and Gaudi (1852-1926).Gaudis La Pedrera, one of the most famous apartment buildings in the worldMontjuic Communications Tower, design by Spanish-born Santiago Calatrava for the 1992 Summer OlympicsAgbar Tower, French architect Jean Nouvel transformed Gaudis c atenary curve Barcelona Cathedral, the citys Gothic cathedralThe Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau and Palau de la Mà ºsica Catalana, both UNESCO world heritage sites, are designs of the art nouveau architect Lluà ­s Domà ¨nech i MontanerHotel Porta Fira, a 2010 hotel designed by Pritzker Laureate Toyo ItoThe Forum Building (Edificio Fà ³rum) designed by Herzog and de Meuron Visiting the Bilbao Area Guggenheim Bilbao, the 1997 museum that made American architect Frank Gehry very famousMetro Station Entrance Enclosure, Fosterito, a 1995 high-tech train station by English architect Norman Foster If youre visiting Bilbao, take a side trip to Comillas, 90 miles west. Everything youve ever heard about Gaudi architecture may be found in the surreal summer home El Capricho. Visiting the Leà ³n Area The city of Leà ³n is roughly between Bilbao and Santiago de Compostela, in the vast Castilla y Leà ³n region of northern Spain. Casa Botines, one of only three projects Antoni Gaudà ­ built outside Catalonia, is a large, neo-Gothic apartment building.San Miguel de Escalada, a magical medieval monastary from the 9th century, a short drive from Leà ³n near the famous pilgrimage route, Way of St. James. If youre traveling from Leà ³n southeast to Madrid, stop by the Church of San Juan Bautista, Baà ±os de Cerrato near the city of Palencia. Well-reserved from 661 AD, the church is a fine example of what is called Visigothic architecture- an era when nomadic tribes dominated the Iberian peninsula. Closer to Madrid is Salamanca. The Old City of Salamanca is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Rich in historic architecture, UNESCO sites its importance in Romanesque, Gothic, Moorish, Renaissance, and Baroque monuments. If youre headed north from Leà ³n, the ancient capital city of Oviedo is home to many early Christian churches. These Pre-Romanesque Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias from the 9th century are UNESCO World Heritage sites, along with La Foncalada, a public water supply, an early example of civil engineering. Visiting Santiago de Compostela City of Culture of Galicia, an ongoing project headed by Peter EisenmanCathedral of Santiago de Compostela, a pilgrims destination at the end of the Way of St. James Visiting Valencia City of Arts and Sciences, a complex of educational buildings by Santiago Calatrava Visiting the Madrid Area The Monastery at El Escorial, in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, about 35 miles northwest of Madrid, is a UNESCO world heritage site for its historic association with royaltyCaixaForum, a Madrid museum by Swiss architects Herzog and de MeuronRoman aqueduct, 50 AD, in Segovia, northwest of Madrid Visiting the Seville Area Alcazar PalaceAlamillo Bridge Cà ³rdoba, about 90 miles northeast of Seville, is site to the Great Mosque of Cordoba in the Historic Centre of Cordoba, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Mosque/Cathedral is an architectural hybrid, claims UNESCO, that joins together many of the artistic values of East and West and includes elements hitherto unheard-of in Islamic religious architecture, including the use of double arches to support the roof. Visiting Granada Ornamentation at the Alhambra in Granada, Spain. Sean Gallup/Getty Images (cropped) Travel east of Seville a mere 150 miles to experience the Alhambra Palace, a tourists destination not to be missed. Our Cruise expert has been to Alhambra Palace and our Spain Travel expert has been to The Alhambra in Granada. In Spanish language, visit La Alhambra, Granada. It seems that everyone has been there! Visiting Zaragoza About 200 miles west of Barcelona, youll find a pedestrian bridge over the Ebro River designed in 2008 by Pritzker Laureate Zaha Hadid. This modern bridge stands in stark contrast with the historic architecture of this ancient city.

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